Brownfields Redevelopment Manual

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The Brownfields Redevelopment Manual is an ‘A-Z’ resource guide covering all aspects of brownfields redevelopment. Individual chapters contain detailed information on contamination, assessment and cleanup; liability issues; principles of real estate redevelopment and reuse; funding and redevelopment resources; community involvement and institutional capacity; and sustainable reuse.

The manual's table of contents has been reproduced below to aid your search for detailed information. Each chapter is available for download as an Adobe PDF.

View the table of contents for:

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Contamination, Assessment, and Cleanup

Chapter 3: Brownfields Liability

Chapter 4: Real Estate Redevelopment and Reuse

Chapter 5: Funding and Redevelopment Resources

Chapter 6: Community Involvement and Institutional Capacity

Chapter 7: Sustainable Reuse

Chapter 1: Introduction
What Are The Benefits Of Reusing Brownfields?	2
An Economic Development and An Environmental Issue	2
Why Are There So Many Brownfields?	3
Why has the Threat of Contamination Prevented Reuse?	3

» Download Chapter 1 - Adobe PDF (41 Kb)

Chapter 2: Contamination, Assessment, and Cleanup
Introduction					5
Types of Contamination and Their Health Effects					5
Site Assessment					7
	Phase I Environmental Assessments				8
	Phase II Environmental Assessments				9
	Cumulative Risk Assessment				11
Cleaning up Brownfields					14
	Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA)				15
			Land-Use		15
			How Do I Know What The Future Uses Will Be?		15
			The Residential Standard for Cleanup		16
		Treatment Technologies			17
			Land Disposal and Containment Techniques		17
				Excavation	17
				Contaminant Containment	18
			Innovative Treatment Technologies		20
				Solvent Extraction	23
				Thermal Desorption	24
				Natural Attenuation	25
				Bioremediation	26
				Phytoremediation	26
				Soil Vapor Extraction and Air Sparging	27
				In Situ Soil Flushing	28
Institutional Controls					30
	How Do They Work?				30
Conclusion					31
Appendix					32
	Arsenic				32
	Lead				33
	Mercury				34
	Vinyl Chloride				34
	Benzene				35
	Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)				36
	Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)				37
	Cadmium				37
	Asbestos				38

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Chapter 3: Brownfields Liability
Introduction			40
Federal Laws			40
	The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)		41
	CERCLA Liability		41
	CERCLA, The National Priorities List, and Brownfields		43
	CERCLA Statutory Provisions		45
	Third Party and Innocent Land Owner Defense		45
	Protection for Owners of Contiguous Properties		47
	Prospective Purchaser Protection		47
	Secured Creditor Exemption		48
	Protection of Government Entities That Acquire Property Involuntarily		50
	De Minimis Waste Contributor		50
	De Micromis Waste Contributor		51
	Municipal Solid Waste Exception		51
	Managing CERCLA Liability Risks - EPA Policies and Guidance		52
		Contaminated Acquifer Policy	52
		Comfort/Status Letter Policy	53
	Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)		54
		RCRA-Corrective Action Program and Superfund	54
		RCRA Enforcement	55
		RCRA Database: Resource Conservation Recovery Information System	55
		UST Requirements Under RCRA	55
EPA Relations with States			58
	Memoranda of Agreement (MOA)		58
State Liability			59
	State Superfund Legislation		60
		States Limit Liability	60
	Voluntary Cleanup Programs		61
	Examples Of State Environmental Programs		63
		Oregon	63
		Michigan	64
		Pennsylvania	65
Insurance			65
Conclusion			72

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Chapter 4: Real Estate Redevelopment and Reuse
Introduction			73
	Redevelopment and Economic Development		73
	Redevelopment Players		74
	Types of Redevelopment		74
Real Estate Development Process			75
	Roles for Economic Development Organizations		76
Development Feasibility			77
	Market Feasibility		77
	Financial Feasibility		77
		Financial Incentives	78
	Environmental Concerns		78
Economic Impacts on the Area			78
	Measuring Economic Impacts		79
Redevelopment Tools and Programs			80
	Real Estate Financing		80
		Operating Capital	81
		Construction Loans	81
		Long-Term Financing	81
	Financing Tools and Other Incentives		82
Conclusion			84

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Chapter 5: Funding and Redevelopment Resources
Introduction				86
Private Financing Sources				86
	Debt Capital			87
		Commercial Banks		87
			The Community Reinvestment Act	87
		Life Insurance Companies		87
		Pension Funds		88
		Savings and Loan Institutions		88
		Mortgage Bankers and Brokers		88
		Property Owners (Purchase-Money Mortgages)		89
	Equity Capital			89
		Venture Capital		89
			Informal Venture Capital Opportunities	90
		Brownfield Developers		90
	Lender Confidence			91
		Escrow Funds		92
		Letters of Credit		92
		Additional and Substitute Collateral		93
		Insurance		93
Federal Programs & Funding				94
	EPA Brownfields Program			95
		Technical and Financial Support		95
		Partnerships to Protect Human Health and the Environment		97
			Brownfields Federal Partnership Action Agenda	97
			Brownfields Showcase Communities	98
			Clean Water State Revolving Fund Program	99
		Initiatives to Encourage Private Sector Involvement		99
			Federal Tax Incentive	99
			Clarifying Liability Concerns	100
	Resources for Funding and Assistance Outside of EPA			100
		Brownfields Economic Development Initiative Grants		100
		Community Development Block Grants (CDBGs)		101
		Section 108 Loan Guarantees		103
		Renewal Communities, Empowerment Zones and, Enterprise Communities		104
		7 (A) Loan Guarranty		105
		Certified Development Company Loan Program (SBA 504)		106
		Historic Preservation Tax Incentive Program		107
		EDA Public Works Grants		108
		Defense Adjustment Program		109
		Economic Development Adjustment Assistance (Title IX)		111
		USDA Business and Industry Direct Loans (Rural)		111
		Business and Industry Guaranteed Loans		112
		Rural Economic Development Loans (electrical and telephone utilities)		112
		Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century		113
		Transportation/Community/System Preservation Pilot Program		114
		U.S. Army Corps of Engineers		115
State Programs and Funding				116
	Voluntary Cleanup Programs			116
		The Massachusetts Contingency Plan (MCP)		116
		Iowa’s Land Recycling Program		119
		Pennsylvania’s Land Recycling Program		121
		California’s Voluntary Cleanup Program		122
	Financing Tools			123
		State Enterprise Zones		123
		Loan Guarantees		123
		Loan Programs		124
		Business Development Corporations		124
		Indemnifications		124
		State Community Development Block Grants		125
Local Programs and Funding				125
	Financing Tools			126
		Loans		126
			Loan Guarantees	126
			Revolving Loan Funds	126
			Bond Financing	127
			Tax Credits	128
			Tax Increment Financing Districts	129
		Leases		130
			Tax Abatements	131
			Provision of Public Infrastructure	131
Non-Profit Resources				132
	Non-Profit Participation			132
	Foundations			134
	Land Trusts			136
Conclusion				137

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Chapter 6: Community Involvement and Institutional Capacity
Introduction			139
Approaches to Community Involvement			139
	Importance		139
	Factors to Consider		140
	Process		141
Institutional Capacity			145
	Local Government		145
		County Government	145
		City Government	146
	Neighborhood Groups		146
		Religious Institutions	146
		Community Development Corporations	147
		Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFIs)	147
		Neighborhood Business Groups	148
	Private Sector		148
		Developers	148
		Corporations	149
		Financial Institutions	149
		Utilities	149
		Chambers of Commerce	150
	Institutions		150
		Universities, Colleges, and Community Colleges	150
		Hospitals	151
		Foundations	151
Local Brownfields Actions and Strategies			151
	Match-Making		152
	Creating a Single Oversight Entity		152
	Service Centers		153
	Educate and Organize Funders		153
	Assuming Liability		153
	Creating a List		154
	Establishing Insurance Pools		154
	Creating Private Shared-Risk Lending Pools		155
	Fostering Public Private Partnerships		156
	Maintaining Records of Land Use Decisions		157
	Working With Federal and State Agencies		157
	Organizing Voluntary Citizen Groups		157
	Ensuring the Appropriate Appraisal		158
	Best Practices		160
Conclusion			162

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Chapter 7: Sustainable Reuse
Introduction		163
Sustainable Development		163
	Why Do We Need Sustainable Development?	163
	Toward a Sustainable Approach to Development	164
Brownfields and Sustainable Development		166
	Brownfields Answer: Interim Land Uses and Open Space Preservation	166
	Brownfields Answer: Workforce Development and Environmental Education	167
	Brownfields Answer: Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs)	168
	Brownfields Answer: Environmental Justice	170
	Brownfields Answer: Community Involvement	171
Conclusion		172

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